the Firm Strategy Structure and Rivalry

the Firm Strategy Structure and Rivalry Sialkot is known as the fare city of Pakistan. Out of numerous house and little scope businesses, sports industry is one of the most unmistakable in the city. There are absolute 3559 games merchandise ventures in Pakistan out of which more than 98 percent are situated in the city of Sialkot and its suburbs.[1] Imported games brands like Adidas (Germany), Puma (Germany), Nike (USA) and Slazenger (UK) began getting their items made from the Sialkot sports industry. This global coordinated effort was a major accomplishment. In 1994, official soccer balls were required for FIFA football World Cup, USA 94. Sialkot athletic gear exporters were chosen for this supply.[2] In any case, the business is currently encountering loss of piece of the pie in view of absence of modernization that is most recent innovation use, poor data foundation, rivalry with China, India and Japan, low capital for industry development, absence of specialized training, advancement and global guidelines underway, visit power blackouts, poor administration aptitudes and absence of coordination among related enterprises in the games group. Utilizing the Porters Diamond model for examination, we can all the more likely comprehend the current circumstance of the games business (show 1). Doormen Diamond model[3] helps in understanding the job of bunches in rivalry and empowers a legislature to measure how an industry can get serious on a worldwide level. Request Conditions: Sialkot sports industry had been producing significant income by trading sports wear and athletic gear to the worldwide market. However, there has been an ongoing defeat in the business. The universal market requests advancement in sports items, utilization of better advances and global gauges underway. Firm Strategy Structure and Rivalry: There is a solid rivalry with China, India and Japan. Universal brands like NIKE, Adidas and so on are getting their items produced using these nations as a result of modest work and crude materials there. China uncommonly is a major danger to the industry.[4] Factor Conditions: Little scope businesses are controlled by a familys own investment funds. As investment funds are restricted, extension of mechanical units is preposterous and it could before long get depleted. Thus, capital is an obstacle in progression. Force blackouts are perhaps the most serious issue of Pakistan nowadays. It messes up the type of deferrals underway. Representatives are not well furnished with the administration abilities. As a result of old innovation utilization, the business is lingering behind the market. Framework should be improved by present day requests. Crude materials which are required incorporate engineered elastic, elastic, calfskin (stone grained cowhide), wood, aluminum, nylon, gut and so forth. These are on the whole privately delivered. Related Supporting Industries: In spite of the nearness of large games bunch including privately based providers of crude materials, the collaboration among the private-open organizations is by all accounts low. Contrasts in costs are made on account of absence of coordination among the related ventures. People are not all around prepared about the innovation progression. Business visionary enthusiasm is there yet development is slacking behind.[5] Investigation: Recapturing markets offer will require various changes. So as to break down the significance of the games business and to judge whether there is actually any requirement for overhauling the games group, the SWOT examination is completed which shows the qualities, shortcomings, openings and dangers looked by the games business of Pakistan (display 2). As indicated by it, the games business has continued up till now as a result of the long history of fares which has empowered it to keep up dynamic and solid linkages in universal markets. Despite the fact that little in number, the work power has different abilities in regards to creation, for instance, in the assembling of cricket bats, tennis rackets, and footballs which is keeping the business working. Be that as it may, sports ventures are little scope house enterprises with feeble administration capacities of the representatives and an extreme value rivalry in the market, making their endurance troublesome. Additionally, nonattendance of global principles and authorize testing research facilities is likewise adding to the shortcomings. Absence of item advancement and broad force blackouts are additionally influencing it adversely. Moreover, workers are not all around prepared about the most recent advances in the market and are accordingly hesitant in receiving them which is putting the business behind step by step. Keeping the workers all around prepared about most recent advancements will empower them to monitor the most recent patterns in the market. Likewise, in little scope enterprises the speculators are poor and ignorant so the creation techniques and hardware are obsolete. In addition, there are acceptable open doors for the games business to thrive like low pace of increase on working capital advances, extremely low annual duty rates and better exchange get to EU and USA. A few dangers to the business include specialized and ecological obstructions to exchange, authorizing and global guidelines prerequisite by the universal markets and makers of crude materials. Absence of instruction bringing about poor innovation progression has become a danger to the industry.[6] China/East Asia creation is additionally presenting genuine danger to the business. Proposals: So as to improve the fare states of the games business, the accompanying Five Year Plan should be executed. Five Year Plan: The Five Year Plan would concentrate on: Tending to hindrances (poor data foundation, absence of specialized ability, less capital, power blackouts, ignorance, poor administration aptitudes, absence of modernization) Sports items development and assorted variety Teaching business people about cutting edge innovation Work abilities improvement to acquire advancement and decent variety items Larger Strategy: To improve and fortify the current games group and move it towards upper hand To bring changes which would empower the games business to beat the piece of the pie misfortunes Year 1 A Cluster Monitoring Cell involving committed divisions would be set up by the administration which would screen the exercises of the games business group and would attempt to carry changes to the business. Existing representatives would be instructed about the most recent innovation patterns pervasive in the market. Specialized focuses would be arrangement under governments instructive projects, propelled and financed by the Education Department to give sufficient preparing to the representatives. Workshops for directing with respect to speculation and different issues would be given to the new comers in the business. This would be dealt with by the Training Department. Examination Department would bring up enterprises in the bunch which fairly require reserves. Financing Department would then work together with the legislature to give advances and simple portion offices to the proprietors so as to lessen the danger of leaving business. The data framework should be improved by the Information Resource Bureau for legitimate progression of data over the different enterprises in the games bunch. Government intercession plans would be made and executed so as to lessen dangers. The Research Department would indentify when intercession is required. Human Resource Department would set rules for recruiting workers. Government would dispatch grant and trade programs under the Education Department of Cluster Monitoring Cell so as to conquer the hesitance of workers in getting taught. Year 2-3 In continuation to Year 1 Plan: So as to take into account the necessities of a wide scope of business sectors, decent variety underway would be presented. Dependable associations like Cluster Monitoring Cell and Government would concentrate on limit fabricating with the goal that better bit of leeway could be accepted of open doors accessible to the business. Issues in regards to World Trade Organization would be defeated through appropriate courses, trainings and workshops which would be directed in any event four times each year at various areas. Severe laws would be actualized, infringement of which would bring about punishments. Fare administrations gave by the legislature would be fortified. Sun oriented, wind and hydel power producing units would be introduced at the business by the legislature to manage power blackout issue. Year 4-5 In continuation to Year 2-3 Plan: An extensive national level procedure plan will be made which would include all the partners. Concentrate would be on manageable advancement of the business. For that, dependence on sponsorships and fiscal help will be debilitated. Government would intercede to restrict the consistently expanding number of ventures by permitting just those enterprises to send out that have a specific limit with regards to capital speculation. End: Sports industry is one of the most income creating enterprises of Pakistan. There is a dire need to receive the above proposals before it is past the point of no return. These would help in overcoming any barrier between the different related ventures in the games bunch. Specialized expertise, data about WTO issues and most recent innovations should be implanted in the psyches of the business visionaries with the goal that they could help in better running of the business. Government needs to intercede in the business matters at the ideal time so as to control the circumstance before ventures are met with pieces of the pie misfortunes. Book index: Ghani, Dr. Jawaid A. SIALKOTS ENTREPRENEURIAL SPIRIT, No.96-10 (September, 1996). Karim, Yasir,Sports Industry in Pakistan Watchman, Michael E., Chapter 7, Clusters and Competition: New Agendas for Companies, Governments and Institutions in On Competition, (Boston:Harvard Business School Press,1998). Web Resources: First light Media Group (29th August, 2009) Pakistan set to recover football showcase, accessible at http://www.

Terrorism, Its Groups and Categories

Presentation Terrorism assaults have gotten basic in today’s world particularly with the expanding clashes of intensity and the expansion in money related troubles in the globe. Numerous psychological oppressor bunches have been shaped whose primary plan is cause viciousness so as to accomplish certain political or strict objectives. Loss of lives and demolition of property have been the significant impacts of the assaults particularly with the expanding innovation where best in class methods of assaulting have been grown particularly the utilization of natural and compound weapons.Advertising We will compose a custom research paper test on Terrorism, Its Groups and Categories explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Most of the psychological oppressor assaults happening these days are in any event, being upheld by the military powers of the nations included which make the assaults considerably increasingly coercive since the military that ought to ensure the ind ividuals is itself associated with similar assaults. The fear based oppressors have the accept that their activities can generally be advocated by law. This makes them as certain as they plan the assaults well overall so they know precisely where and how to assault (Anderson, 2002, p. 1). Classes of psychological oppressor associations Terrorist associations are the gatherings that cooperate in arranging and executing fear based oppressor assaults. There are two essential classifications of fear based oppressor associations to be specific local and worldwide likewise alluded to as outside psychological militant associations. Local psychological oppression, as the name recommends, includes fear based oppressor exercises either by an individual or a gathering guiding the demonstrations of brutality to claim individuals particularly the legislature. Then again, universal fear mongering which comprises of worldwide psychological militant associations, includes fear mongering exercises w here an individual or a gathering of individuals are guided by different nations to do savagery assaults to different nations past their limits. Local fear monger associations are, in this manner, in view of their neighborhoods. For example, a fear monger association that assaults just its own legislature or neighborhood society, yet not different nations, is a household psychological oppressor association. Residential fear based oppression frequently happens in African countries contradicted to global psychological warfare whose center lies for the most part with the Americans. Because of this reality, the U.S keeps up an alternate comprehension and meaning of fear based oppression that is not the same as that of African countries. Global psychological oppression can be said to make passings for some individuals or result genuine wounds just as harm of property. Then again, residential fear mongering is less fierce and results to bring down paces of killings and loss of property as psychological militant gatherings, who are for the most part regular folks, just constrain the legislature to make a specific move. Albeit the two kinds of psychological oppression are focused on a specific objectives, the two of them contrast in that universal fear based oppressors focuses on the universes amazing nations as they look for general feeling from the globe. Residential fear mongering is, in any case, directed to the nearby settings inside a county’s boundary.Advertising Looking for research paper on political theories? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More While residential psychological oppression, for the most part in Africa, is propelled by destitution among state individuals and the longing to build up their nations monetarily, universal fear based oppression isn't legitimately connected to these components confirm by numerous psychological oppressor bunches originating from wealthy foundations. Another significant contrast comes in with the innovation utilized in the two kinds of psychological warfare where worldwide fear based oppression includes the utilization of complex innovation to complete the assaults, for example, rockets while most local fear mongering includes utilization of human endeavors to make ruin in a state. Psychological warfare exercises are done by fear based oppressor bunches which are characterized as any development that utilizes brutality as a weapon to accomplish its objectives political, ideological or strict (Shinn, 2005, p. 1). Contrasts in the two classifications of psychological militant associations Despite the way that all fear based oppressor associations consistently have practically comparable thought processes they vary in specific points of view in spite of the fact that they all have the general targets of standoffish intentions. Since their exercises include antagonistic vibe, they need to design and sort out on the best way to deal with sec urity in the zones they are intending to assault. Residential psychological militant gatherings are not, typically, upheld by the legislature since much of the time; they assault the administration so as to achieve certain objectives. They hence have techniques that they use to get individuals or certain social gatherings to help and identify with them. This help group incorporate both dynamic and latent individuals who don't take an interest straightforwardly in the assaulting exercises yet rather offer help in different manners, for example, budgetary, security, just to specify a couple. The dynamic individuals, then again, incorporate the dynamic enthusiastic individuals who take part in the genuine exercises of assaulting including battling and revolts. Such help groups might be volunteers if at all they bolster the quest for the objective being referred to or in different cases, they might be constrained into taking an interest by the psychological militant individuals. Univers al fear based oppressor associations, then again, are bound to e upheld by their administrations since the greater part of them assault, not their nation of origin, however different countries because of questions on authority over land, power or even strict clashes. These gatherings are in this manner bolstered monetarily, as far as enlistments, weapons just as methods for correspondence. With regards to enrollment and preparing, the two fear monger bunches likewise vary in that the household psychological militant associations typically select school and secondary school leavers yet just who are up for the errand. What's more, the procedure must be touchy to security since its locally established and the groups’ aims ought not be distinguished on the grounds that the vast majority of the fear based oppressor assaults happen when they are least expected.Advertising We will compose a custom research project test on Terrorism, Its Groups and Categories explicitly for you for j ust $16.05 $11/page Learn More Therefore, enrollment and preparing exercises should e done so secretly without including general society. Worldwide fear monger gatherings, then again, select individuals who are known to be connected to psychological oppressor gatherings or even individuals whose relatives have been before engaged with the fear monger assaults. Fundamentally, enlists in universal fear based oppressor bunches include individuals whose foundations are known with the individuals who have family connections to the association getting need over others (Mfields 2004, p. 1). The preparation procedure essentially includes giving guidance on the utilization of weapons utilized in the assaults. Household fear monger associations are essential engaged with less vicious activities, for example, seizure of occupation in a specific structure, commandeering and conventional bombings and deaths. Then again, global psychological oppressor associations utilize progressively brutal act ivities. A large portion of them incorporate the savage atomic weapons, the utilization of organic and other concoction materials. These progressed innovative weapons are definitely more damaging than the customary strategies since they are focused to cause mass obliteration. A large number of the global psychological oppressors are currently utilizing synthetics that are intended to cause savage illnesses, for example, Bacillus anthracis. Others utilize the innovation to spread certain spores which cause skin disease which isn't treated as quickly as time permits, results to death. Because of the distinctions in accessibility of help particularly from the administration, different offices, for example, preparing, propelled weapons and monetary variables, the two gatherings of fear based oppressor associations have contrasted significantly in their accomplishment of their psychological oppressor assaults. The residential gatherings have not been fruitful throughout the years because of absence of cutting edge mechanical expertise of weapons just as preparing administrations. What's more, household psychological oppressors are not enormous enough to counter the security of a nation where they are intending to assault in light of the fact that the administrations are consistently more grounded than such gatherings are. Universal psychological militants have, be that as it may, been effective a large number of their assaults with the utilization of cutting edge weapons, the help they get from the legislature and the utilization of experienced people as individuals from the gathering. The administration bolster offers them the chance to design and sort out each progression of the exercises, for example, correspondence on the off chance that more enrolls are required or extra weapons also giving them monetary help which is vital in the achievement of such worldwide assaults (Samuraitom 2007, p. 1). End Terrorism has gotten exceptionally normal in today’s pol itical and strict field. There has been both local and worldwide fear mongering where local psychological warfare includes nearby assaults that are less fierce while the global assaults are increasingly severe and targets nations past outskirts. Regardless of the reality fear mongers accept that they reserve the privilege to achieve certain objectives, assaulting others causing decimation isn't the main way they can do so.Advertising Searching for research project on political theories? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More For example, tranquil exhibitions could be held by a gathering of individuals to air their perspectives which doesn't include property annihilation or loss of lives. Fear monger associations ought to in this manner be limited to forestall the mischief they cause during assaults. Particularly governments that help these gatherings in assaulting different countries should stop this bad habit and discover better methods of taking care of issues, for example, haggling between clashing countries. All endeavors ought to in this way be done to confine the development of such fear based oppressor associations. Reference List Anderson, W. (2002). Fear based oppression and the Drug War: More Unforeseen Consequences. Web. Mfields. (2004). Psychological warfare. Web. Samuraitom

Fall 2017 New Students Series Karl Hendler COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Fall 2017 New Students Series Karl Hendler COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog This week I shared were gearing up for our annual introduction series featuring the incoming Fall 2017 class. To get us started, please welcome Karl Hendler from Richfield, Ohio. Karl was a philosophy major from the University of Southern California, and joined the US Marine Corps upon graduation. (Thank you for your service, Karl!) Hes joining SIPA to change gears and focus more on  designing policy rather than executing it.   Full Name:  Karl Hendler Age:  31 Degree Program:  Master of Public Administration Concentration:  International Security Policy Hometown:  Richfield, OH Undergraduate University:  Univ Southern California Undergraduate Major:  Philosophy Undergraduate Graduation Year:  2008 What’s your professional background? Immediately upon graduating college, I was commissioned into the US Marine Corps as a Second Lieutenant. I spent my first year in training in Quantico, VA, first in The Basic School (infantry training for all newly commissioned Marine officers) and then at Basic Communications Officer Course. I spent the next eight years as a communications officer, a specialty in which I planned and supervised the installation and operation of voice, video, and data communications networks at various levels throughout the Marine Corps. In this time, Ive lived in Okinawa, Japan, Camp Lejeune, NC, and another stint in Quantico. Ive also deployed on the USS Essex, taking part in exercises and port visits throughout Asia (Korea, Hong Kong, Thailand, Cambodia, Malaysia, and the Philippines). In 2013, I deployed to Helmand Province, Afghanistan, for a year as a future operations officer, taking part in the planning of the years operations. Lastly, in Quantico I am currently serving as a capabilities devel opment officer, planning the implementation of future technologies throughout the Marine Corps. I will resign my commission at the end of June, with a final rank of Captain. Did you apply to SIPA to change careers or to gain experience in a career path you already have experience in? I see myself as changing careers into a related field. As a Marine Ive served more of an instrument of foreign and public policy, and SIPA will give me the opportunity of transitioning into influencing the formulation of policy. What was your reaction when you found out you were accepted to SIPA? My first reaction was a giant sigh of relief. SIPA was by far my first choice school, and I had no idea what to expect when I applied after being out of school for so long. Without any reference point as to how competitive I was as an applicant, I was extremely nervous during the entire application period. Why did you say yes to SIPA? SIPA was my first choice for two main reasons. First, academically, SIPA appears to strike the right balance for me in terms of focus. Programs like those offered at the Harvard Kennedy School seemed very broad in addressing public policy; whereas others like the Security Studies Program at Georgetown seemed too narrow in focusing on security exclusively. SIPA, I think, takes the best parts of those schools and molds them together into a very well-rounded program. Secondly, I love the location, quite frankly. My wife and I have always wanted to live in New York. What do you most look forward to as a graduate student at SIPA? I look forward most to getting exposed to the wide range of diverse people and perspectives. Ive thus far spent my entire (albeit relatively short) adult life in the Marine Corps, living and working among other Marines almost exclusively. I think I see the world through a lens provided by the military, and I am keen to gain a more comprehensive view of the world around me. Do you have any apprehensions about starting graduate school? I graduated college in 2008, and with the exception of GRE prep and taking economics and statistics online to reinforce my transcript, Ive been removed from academics for seemingly a lifetime. Id like to think Ill do well, but I wont know for sure until we start in the fall. What are your goals after SIPA? Broadly, I want to continue serving my country, though this time around Id like to have a say (however small) in forming national security policy, using my experience in the military to hopefully inform plans and ideas concerning military interventions. Ill be looking at government agencies for those opportunities, but I also look forward to exploring private options as well. If you could change one small thing about your community, country or the world, what would it be? Id like to tweak how leaders think about military interventions: often we see debates about intervening in a country with leaders speaking in terms of numbers of troops, bombs dropped, or missiles launched. Whenever a government considers any kind of military operation in another country, however, Id like to consider those in the country being impacted and focus on potential long-term ramifications on how, as a society, they will view us and cooperate (or not) with us in the future. Tell us something interesting about yourself: I spent the first three days of my life without a name: My parents had planned to name me Peter Hendler III, but when I was born my mom thought I didnt look like a Peter. My parents spent the next three days in vain attempting to decide upon another name, until my grandmother suggested the name of her brother, Karl. Share your story by completing  the New Student Self-Interview Form  today! [Photos courtesy of Karl Hendler | At Fredericksburg, VA, Oktoberfest, Sep 2016 | With Stacy and my son William at the DC Cherry Blossom Festival, Mar 2017] *Note: This series is published in its original form with no editing.

Gump Notes Essay - 7299 Words

ts qualitative impairments in social interaction include gross impairment in ability to develop peer relationships appropriate to developmental level (He says When I was little, mama kep me inside a lot, so as the other kids wouldnt bother me), and it does not seem likely that he was motivated to share enjoyment, interests or achievements with other people at least at ages of primary school. His impairments in communication include a delay in the development of spoken language and marked impairment in the ability to sustain a conversation with others, and some of which are unchanged throughout his life (I aint too good at long conversation). His famous line or I got to pee can be evaluated as a stereotyped and idiosyncratic use of†¦show more content†¦During George Wallaces Stand in the Schoolhouse Door protest, Forrest stands curiously in the background, more interested in his surroundings rather than the actual protest. During the Vietnam War, Forrest never questions the m orality or the agenda of the U.S. government, and receives the Congressional Medal of Honor for his efforts. His entire experience during the Vietnam War can be summed up into one conversation between him and the Drill Sergeant: Gump! Whats your sole purpose in this Army? To do whatever you tell me, Drill Sergeant! (Gump 1995) Still, the most dismaying portion of impassive responses glorified in this film can be contributed to Forrests careless involvement in the anti-Vietnam War rally lead by Abbie Hoffman. He was entirely clueless as to the purpose of the anti-war movements. His view of Abbie Hoffmans role? There was this man, giving a little talk... And every time he said the F word, people, for some reason, well, theyd cheer. Though the focus of the film is directed towards Forrest Gump, the effects of social forces are most often expressed and implied through Jenny Curran. 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The Legacy Of The Native Americans - 906 Words

Our history is written by the winners of the bloody, and merciless battles that shaped our country. The hate that has slaughtered thousands of people, is also the hate that has made our country the beautiful tragedy it is today. We all know the history of how Christopher Columbus came to the native land, named the people here indians because he thought he was in the Indi mountains and brought disease and colonists to the land to make it part of spain. What is usually left out of our history is just how brutal living at that time really was, and just how much we abused the Native Americans to get what we wanted. The true history of the native americans is no longer taught in schools, they no longer teach about the native americans and what they went through from being invaded, tricked, slaughters and finally removed from their own land. The first genocide in america was the Native Americans, they were pushed from their homes and forced to fight or die for their ancestral lands. Even though the natives were mostly friendly and willing to become acquainted with the new settlers they were soon pushed out and slaughtered. One of the last real resistance acts came in 1812 when congress declared war on great britain, Tecumseh, A famous Native American warrior, lead an act of defiance with his confederacy and sided with the british to try and push out the settlers. According to John Sugden, author of Ohio History â€Å"Tecumseh led a group of raiders in these efforts, attackingShow MoreRelatedShould The Washington Redskins Be Allowed? Keep Their Mascot Name?874 Words   |  4 Pagesthough but the 2,129 other teams with a mascot with Native American association. People have been taking both sides and some believe it’s racist, while others argue the legacy and history tied with the name. Others even claim that the name is not really referencing native Americans at all. Which brings me to my question should the Washington Redskins be allowed to keep their mascot name? Academic Summary #1 The article, â€Å"The 2,128 Native American Mascots People Aren t Talking About† written by HayleyRead MoreEssay On Columbus Day1399 Words   |  6 Pageswhich many people will follow during colonization: to conquer and enslave the people and the land for golds and richest. We as Americans celebrate Columbus Day to remember the achievements that Columbus has done. However, we shouldn’t celebrate Columbus Day because of what Columbian legacy left a negative impact in our history and that the Spaniards treated the natives poorly during their colonization to gain gold and silver. In the past, we conquer lands while enslaving those who live theRead MoreWorld Wars And The Great Depression1262 Words   |  6 PagesI’m amazed at how many Americans don’t know their own family heritage any further back than their grandparents. For many years, I was one of them. I would casually tell people, â€Å"My family never really talked much about our family tree, because we were afraid we’d find horse thieves hanging from the branches.† But, bad or good, I always wondered about my roots. I’m not alone. Millions of Americans have the same questions. So, what happened? Were so many of our families separated in the westwardRead MoreHistory of US Land Development1390 Words   |  6 Pagesthe New World. The Natives reciprocated this â€Å"favor†, by introducing the Europeans to many of their own crops, which fed large population growths in both the Old World and in Africa. In addition to crops and animals, the Europeans (unintentionally) spread many of their diseases to the native population. Without any natural defense, ninety percent of the native population was killed. Although the Europeans weren’t as heavily affected by foreign diseases as the Native Americans were, they certainlyRead MoreMascots : It s More Than Mascot Status1678 Words   |  7 Pagessignifying the main ideas behind an organizational mascot. It s more than mascot status when there is far more concept to the image it used. Even though Native American Mascots are very offensive toward the tribal nations, Indian Mascots should be viewed with hono r and pride toward the team s franchise where by like animal themed mascots, Native mascots are to be viewed with equality as other teams that promote the spirit and effort of the team organization. A mascot is any individual, animal, orRead MoreChristopher Columbus : A False Narrative For Americans1282 Words   |  6 PagesChristopher Columbus sailed the ocean blue in 1492 and â€Å"discovered† North America. This common misconception creates a false narrative for Americans learning about Christopher Columbus’ legacy - and indeed about the country’s early post-European history. When Christopher Columbus came ashore, North America was already inhabited by hundreds of thousands of native peoples so the concept of Christopher Columbus somehow â€Å"discovering† what is now the United States of America is inaccurate. He did, howeverRead MoreThe Legacy Of Christopher Columbus1390 Words   |  6 Pagespeople in the US have mixed historical and traditional in terpretation about the legacy of Christopher Columbus. The history of the famous explorer has been rewritten many times. He was one of the first of many Europeans to land in the New World. He is an Italian explorer whose discovery of the New World— Caribbean– with his crewmen marked the beginning of decades of colonization and trans-Atlantic invasion on the American soil. Columbus sighted the New World, as he intended to sail west hoping to reachRead MoreEnglish View Of Native Americans During Early Nineteenth Century981 Words   |  4 PagesEnglish view of Native Americans in early seventeenth-century According to the English, Native Americans in early seventeenth century Virginia left an imprint on the New England earth. They traditionally settled near water and in small groups, and not in a larger population. They also made little benefit of their land, being never fertile. The English settlers were very taken at the fact they didn’t use the land to the best it could be used. They were tall, brown and proportionate appearanceRead MoreNative American Paper1353 Words   |  6 PagesNative American Storytelling Paper Rashmi Price ENG/301 August 26, 2013 Dr. Gregory Beatty Native American Storytelling Paper Native American literature is considered by many as the traditional written and oral literature of Native cultures around the world. Many of these literatures are transmitted over periods of time by storytellers. This particular literature has many features that includes a mixture of oral tradition techniques along with tribal mythology. The majorityRead MoreGeorge Washington On Legacies Left1646 Words   |  7 PagesIf someone were to write an essay on legacies left by a certain person, George Washington would top the list. George Washington was the first President of the United States of America and he did a stellar job. George Washington was one of the reasons we have the freedoms embodied by Americans still to this day. He did not have a particularly easy childhood but he powered through it. There are so many people who spend their lives complaining but do not do anything to change the situation while George

Origins of Sexism Free Essays

How is it that the word defined as the attitudes or behavior based on traditional stereotypes of sexual roles somehow became synonymous with en discriminating against women? 1 When did this term adopt a negative connotation? The dictionary continues to describe the noun as discrimination or devaluation based on a person’s sex. 2 The definition implies that the discrimination applies to both sexes, not that one is the victim of the other. However, it is clear: women are perceived as the inferior sex in our society, and apparently always have been. We will write a custom essay sample on Origins of Sexism or any similar topic only for you Order Now Yet, although sexism is a relatively modern word, the idea was created by power-hungry men and spread by biblical writers. In the way that a table is unstable if just one leg is fractionally horror, the way patriarchy and matriarchy are understood affects how sexism is viewed. If you were to reference a dictionary in search of definitions, you would find almost mirror images- only, in a matriarchy it is the mother who is head of the clan, not the father. However, Cynthia Leer, author of The Myth of Matriarchal Prehistory has a different take on this. She says, â€Å"Matriarchy should be understood instead as the [mastery] of the Mother’s way,† or as, â€Å"a realm where female thing are valued and where power is exerted in non-possessive, non-controlling and organic ways that are ruinous with nature. â€Å"3 Matriarchy has gotten a bad reputation through the years for being a term open to interpretation due to its many meanings. The pure purpose of the word, in its simplest form, is to describe a time in which men were not the dominant sex. Another phrase greatly misunderstood is gender roles. First, please disregard memories of your first grade teacher using the word ‘gender’ instead of ‘sex’ in order to keep laughter under control. Second, the two words are utterly different – apples and oranges. Gender is a not a biological characteristic; it is not the label to explain which reproductive organs a person may have. Instead, gender is a social characteristic that a society attaches to a biological sex to explain the expectations of behavioral norms and cultural significance. In today’s colloquial language, ‘gender roles’ and ‘sexism’ seem to be interchangeable. In actuality, gender roles serve as a mask for the greater travesty Of our time: sexism. The argument goes something like this: â€Å"Sexism has always existed! Women never hunted, because they were women and they were always confined to their homes. † For the sake of argument, let’s pretend this is an curate statement. Even then, if wo men everywhere were confined to doing only ‘feminine† tasks and chores, the whole argument is still completely backwards – sexism has not always existed. In fact, it is quite ignorant to believe that very early societies would have been able to arrive at the mentality that one sex is superior to the other when every person was valuable to the clan – they all relied on each other to survive. There is no reason to believe that a matriarchal society ever existed, that an entire clan was ruled by a woman. But similar to chimpanzee communities that we study today, it is very probable many hominids (two-footed primates) lived in a maternity; essentially, women were central to the society. Families were formed around the mother figure – the only known piece to the puzzle of childbearing in prehistory. When children were born, they were automatically accepted into their mothers clan, named after her, and no sense of illegitimacy lingered. 6 The mothers in prehistoric time were inclined to share provisions with their children and family members, and in time began feeding the entire clan – solidifying the idea that women We re important to the arrival of a civilization. Females sustained the clan by gathering fruits, vegetables and grains – males gathered as well, but only enough to feed themselves and possibly a close male relative. Both sexes hunted small game and male-female groups hunted together with nets and spears. It is widely accepted, though, that only men hunted large game. When horticulture became prevalent, (some time later- around 10,000 BCC) it is said to be the work of women. 7 Aside from gathering food, providing about eighty percent of the nutrition received in a clan, women took on jobs that have advanced onto a stereotype that lingers in contemporary societies. Because early societies had yet to discover the link between sex and pregnancy, and because fatherhood was not a recognized position, men did not take on the responsibility of rearing children. Until relatively recently in the spectrum of humanity, every child demanded two to three years of their mother’s time to breastfeed, and many women had multiple children within this age group at one given time. Regarding the aforementioned idea that every able body was necessary to the success of a developing clan, women could not afford to be del during childbearing years. It was in order to maintain society that women had to be carefully tasked with chores. The main concern was that every chore was â€Å"compatible with simultaneous child watching. † Specifically women were given, assignments that did not require severe concentration, were easily interruptible, and most importantly, did not put children in danger, in a way that hunting would. 9 This is how women fell into step with chores such as preparing daily food and spinning, weaving, and sewing clothes. It takes several hours of spinning yarn to create enough to weave in n hour, so women spun while they watched children and young girls spun while they tended to livestock. 1 0 With menstruation and pregnancy constantly present in these civilizations, and with game meat only sporadically appearing meat was very valuable to the women, who were always on the verge of anemia. 1 1 The anemia created another barrier between women and hunting in addition to the already-present complications of hunting during pregnancy or with children. Their bodies were too physically weak. Also, female bodily fluids are more potent to an animal; therefore the women would be more easily sensed by their prey, making it almost counterproductive for a female to go on a hunt. 12 Some may argue that it still is indeed the femaleness of a woman that prevents her from a hunt. It IS not her designation as a woman that keeps her from participating in â€Å"male† activities, it is the fact that a woman’s body has different functions, abilities, and limits than a man’s. In a functional society every person plays a specific role and no role is more important than another; every single role is required for the society to thrive. Asking a man to breastfeed so that a woman could attempt to cut down a tree was – and still IS – irrational. ) It is to sexist for communities to fall into a way of life that allows every individual to contribute to their fullest potential, thus creating a highly productive and efficient society. There was a time when the f emaleness of a woman was not seen as a disadvantage by men, but rather it was revered and honored. Forty thousand years ago, before words could be written down, prehistoric peoples represented concerns, rituals, sacrifices, and more with cave art and carvings. It comes as no surprise that many of the oldest carved figurines found show admiration for a woman’s body: her fertility and ability to produce and feed hillier. 13 These figurines, called Venues, typically depict women who are â€Å"fat, healthy, with giant breasts†. 14 It might seem strange to a present-day woman how carving women as fat could possibly be flattering, let alone venerating. But a thin figure, something many women strive for today, would have been very troubling: her children would have gone hungry. We also kick to old preserved cave paintings for ideas of what culture was like before writing. In a remote part of central India, paintings of South Briar tribes from 8000 BCC to 2500 BCC were found on rock shelters. Like many others, they epic animals, hunting, dancing, and symbolic designs. 1 5 In these specific paintings, there are more women drawn, and they are more detailed than the stick figure men. The women are painted as strong and capable women – hunting and taking care of children all the while. To keep the traditions alive, South Briar women still partake in ritual hunting. 16 Sir Leonard Woolly called Cretan art the most inspired in the ancient world. 6 Paintings always show priestesses in the foreground with men behind them. Women in Crete were portrayed as merchants, farmers, chariot drivers, and hunters. Wall paintings show the women performing religious rituals. It does not appear that Crete was an equal society -? in a painted scene Of female dancers, the males and females have segregated seats, but the women had better accommodations. 17 Several tombs that belonged to women were filled with riches such as jewelry, gold, and precious stones. In comparison, no male grave has been found with equal value. The Cretan world seems to have been able to develop and advance as a female-centered community without abandoning peace and pleasure-18 There is some scholarly inquiry as to whether there were female-centered clans in the Neolithic ere as well. There are very few images of males from this time period and the few that have been uncovered show men in situations inferior to women. 19 This leads to the theory women in Neolithic times held a higher status than women of later generations. The corpses found in Neolithic graves were buried with shells and paint arranged in a way to resemble female reproductive organs. 0 It is believed these art works indicate worship or glorification of the females in their clans. Fertility seems to be the basis of their worship and it often reinstated into prayer for healthy crops and animals. Does this mean goddess worship appeared in Neolithic culture, or did they only worship females? Was their worship equivalent to women having social power and dominanc e? As many myths rarely offer facts, they cannot be used to set history’ in stone; however, they do shed light On what might have been happening during the time periods in which they were created. Several myths show warring between men and women in which the men always take over power from the defeated females. 21 These motifs appear in Central and Western Desert Australian Aborigine, Panda of New Guiana, Sumerian, and Greek mythology . 22 â€Å"Social charter† myths appear to justify why men took over female ruling, suggesting women committed some sort of sin or were naturally weak. If men had always existed as the controlling power, myths of former female powers would not exist. If men had always restrained women, their dominance would seem natural and it would be unnecessary for them to write explanations. Powerful women in mythologies are astoundingly universal . 23 patriarchy was an avalanche started by one meager realization: men had a role in procreation. Suddenly, their female-driven jealousy was uprooted. By giving the children their fathers’ clan name instead of their mothers’, the men had proof of â€Å"ownership†. With offspring essentially attached to the men of the clan, labor was also controlled by the men-24 Anthropologists insist that when large game hunting began during the Stone Age, men felt that hunting was their natural function in society. 5 With this new sense of identity came power- their dangerous work gave them status. It also created a sort of club or community between the male members of a tribe or clan . 26 Hunting required great teamwork, cooperation, ND lack of competition- these men had to work together. Most likely, men felt legitimated by their â€Å"exclusiveness† and their â€Å"us-versus-them pride† . 27 Of course, w omen hunted small game, but more in a means of ‘opportunistic kills’. Indeed, many ritualistic tools used during hunts were forbidden for women to see. 8 So when horticulture, a practice mainly performed by women, became popular around 5000 BCC, and large game began to disappear in populated civilizations, men had to jump on the band wagon and begin farming as well. 29 With men farming – a very isolated activity in imprison to hunting – they felt they lost everything fundamentally male. Young boys were not being taught the solidarity that came with hunting, so the men of the clan developed a new idea of group puberty rites. 30 These ceremonies did not occur before a horticultural society was established. The men began reinforcing gender roles in their society by teaching their sons what it took to be a â€Å"man†, something they felt should have been natural. Marilyn French, author of From Eve to Dawn: a History of Women in the World, explains, â€Å"Male solidarity was and remains a manipulation against women. The first political movement, it arose, like all solidarity movements, to counter a sense of powerlessness and oppression,† that had dissipated with the loss of a hunter-gatherer society. 31 The main push of these puberty rites was to abnegate their mothers which led the oppression of women, including emotions they associate with them. Soon boys were taught disdain towards ‘feminine’ emotions like love, compassion, and softness. Feelings were replaced with a hard, cool attitude and submission to elder males. 32 Thus, a form a sexism that still exists today (and many people ignore) was created: en are not to show â€Å"feminine† qualities. Dominance over children created another form of sexism. Now that males were aware of their part in procreation, they had to assure that the children their mates produced were theirs. In order to do this, they had to keep women under strict surveillance. Many women were captives from other villages, raped so as to be claimed as a mate, and given no rights; they were virtually slaves. 33 To bolster men’s paternity roles, rules and laws were created that only applied to women. Females were the first criminals – adultery suddenly became a crime. Even Hough men always had the right to infanticide, women were not allowed to abort their children. Paternalism groups were founded on this domination. At this point, females were considered an object of the male’s possession. Contrary to matrilineal, potentiality required force, and brutality towards women was often encouraged in their society. S When dominance started to shift towards the males, clans left their matriarchal marriages and began existing in parasitical marriages – women were no longer surrounded by male kin (stronger than she) and lost their protection. In a patriarchal marriage, the omen were taken and forced to live with their husbands’ famil ies who very likely did not speak the same language. 36 In some patriarchal communities women were allowed to leave. However, due to the fact that children were property of men, the women had no right to take children with them, and many stayed. 37 Without women protesting, patriarchy was born. Another vessel for both patriarchy and the idea of sexism was religion. Even in the beginning Of the Old Testament, the Bible provides very different roles for men and women. When God punishes Adam and Eve in Genesis, he describes Adam (man) as the breadwinner, and Eve (woman) as someone who needed a tight leash . 38 This tight leash takes the form of her husband and uterus. Women were limited by this elemental plot for centuries after – both Judaism and Christianity enforce further constraints on women. In Leviticus, it claims that everything a woman touches while she is â€Å"unclean† from menstruation is impure. 9 Taken out of context, this can be seen as a terrible sexist act, but there are also conditions in which a man is unclean. Even so, women cannot control what makes them unclean while men can. The biblical impurity of a woman outlasts her menstruation, even during childbirth-40 The women were secluded from the group for two weeks while they were impure and us ually stayed with other women in â€Å"menstrual huts†. When they were allowed to grace the sanctuary and men again, they fulfilled their marital duties (the two weeks in which they saw their husbands they were most likely to conceive). 1 When a woman gave birth she had to seclude herself for seven days as if she were menstruating. Fifth baby was a male, she could return to the group on the eighth day for the baby’s circumcision and tribal ironies before completing her thirty-three days of blood purifying. If the baby was a female, there Was no ceremony to welcome her arrival and her mother was required to purify for sixty-six days. 42 Consider this: if a woman is in constant impurity, constantly forbidden from the sanctuary, how often could a Hebrew wife appear in public? A scarce rabbi or community leader does not make for a good one – how would she be able to fulfill the responsibilities? In addition to underlining the uncleanness of a women, the Old Testament shows violent themes against women. In Deuteron 22:13 t shows that if a bride’s virginity is challenged by the groom, the whole community plays a part in verifying the speculation through the custom of bloody sheets. If their suspicion is true (or they agree she did not bleed enough) the male population is permitted to stone her to death. Later in Deuteron, there are examples of rape and abuse with only small monetary penalties. 43 Even though religion is not to blame for men first seeking control over women, it plays a large role in the spread of sexual discrimination because many people looked to these ancient scriptures as a guide for their lives. It is believed by some biblical scholars that Yeah was originally conceived as androgynous. 44 He is characterized by the word ‘compassion’, which in the Hebrew language is rooted in the word ‘womb’. He is described as â€Å"giving birth† to Israel, â€Å"suckling’ and watching over his children. 5 But as the Bible transitions into the book of Numbers, Yeah is not only male but patriarchal. In Numbers 12, God punishes only Miriam and not her brothers for the same act- the story teaches that women shall not challenge men. 46 Some argue that it is difficult to accuse the Bible of sexism hen several other verses describe such differen t ideas. For example, Galatians 3:38 adequately removes all justification for discrimination Of any kind by saying, â€Å"There is no longer Jew or Gentile, slave or free, male and female. For you are all one in Christ Jesus. Pay close attention to the wording: there is no longer male and female. Moreover, religion is described as a specific fundamental set of beliefs and practices generally agreed upon by a number of persons or sects. 47 The Bible (and the religion that follows it) is a text assembled by men and was prone to their social biases of the time period. Sexism very well did exist in the Hebrew Bible and it is impossible to erase history. It is not universally accepted that fertility held more weight and value in society before the Bible was written. Cynthia Leer, shares her view on the idea of matrilineal societies and goddess worship (something that dissipated long before the Bible): Prior to the Neolithic revolution, we have every reason to believe that prehistoric peoples, like contemporary hunting and gathering peoples, were more interested in restricting their fertility than enhancing it. Contraception, abortion, and infanticide are all practiced in uniting and gathering groups, and in horticulture societies as well, with infanticide rates ranging from 1 5 to 50 percent. Skeletal evidence suggests that childbirth was dangerous for mothers and children alike. Infant mortality rates were high at Actual ¶y;k, for example, and women there and elsewhere died very young by our standards (on average in their late twenties, earlier than men) in part because of high maternal mortality. It seems unlikely under these conditions that pregnancy and childbirth we invariably regarded as miraculous and welcomed as the gift of a munificent goddess. 48 Leer also geared the Venus figurines and points out the biggest dispute with establishing them as worship of fertility. The figures rarely show signs of pregnancy, lactation, or childbirth. 49 If Paleolithic artists were concerned in depicting pregnancy and fertility there are many ways to have done that – but these figures lack evidence of childbearing and most are simply voluptuous. They could show the clan’s concern regarding hunger, which explains why they have fuller shapes – communities valued healthy and full bodies. 50 However, if you were to drop the notion that Venus figures represented omen and their fertility and ability to reproduce, why are there only women figures? The complication with pinpointing the origins of sexism is the underlying question: which came first? Gender or sexism? Returning to overburdened language, it is because gender exists that sexism exists. Gender allows men to dominate women – it provides a biological excuse. Unfortunately many feminist matriarchies suggest that women are women because we hold secondary status to men. The designation ‘Woven† is neither a gender, nor a biological sex, but a category that people are placed into. This category seems to form the parameters in which women have experiences, yet women are only the byproduct of the category existence (in the same way my mother insists I had a bad time because my attitude was terrible to begin with, and not that my attitude was terrible because I had a bad time). 65 So long as this omnipresent category exists, sexism will exist. The femaleness of a woman is defined by Leer as the experience of being perceived to be a woman and being treated as women are treated. This extends to any specific way women were treated in different cultures whether good or bad. The only femaleness that can be attached to any woman of any time period in any place of the world is this: ‘woman’. It is hard to speak for the men and women from a time before they themselves could speak, but don’t believe it was ever intended for footmen in the kitchen† to be a derogatory term. The mentality that one biological sex is of higher-rank than another is der ived from the simple fact that certain bodies are more able for specific tasks. Intended or not, men felt oppressed. This sparked a very deliberate and violent revolution. Men stole control and power long before rating was established and history was preserved. Indeed it was history; looking back to biblical times, the pictures that stories paint of their communities and culture show male-dominance. With the spread of Christianity, the secret of a more peaceful and equal past was locked up and it became widely accepted that the husbands and fathers should be the head of the household. Christianity and the men in the Bible certainly did not initiate all of the suffering and abuse against women that appears today – but they did Set the precedent that has seemed to excuse men for centuries. Bibliography Advisor, J. M. , Olga Softer, and Jake Page. How to cite Origins of Sexism, Papers

Strategic Human Resource Management Of Woolworths - Free Sample

Questions: 1. Critically evaluate the need for and methods of strategic planning for the organisation? 2. Analyze and select appropriate tools and techniques for the strategic planning of a corporations information system?3. Recommend a strategic model for the organization. Justify the choice of the model?4. Establishing the information requirements and evaluate Information Systems which would give a competitive edge to this organization. You may also include information systems that enhance the Customer Relations Management. 5. Critically discuss the societal issues raised by Information Management? Are You Daunted by the Thought of Due Assignments? Avail Our Services and Receive Assignment Help from Experts. Answers: 1. Critically evaluate the need for and methods of the organization i. About Unilever Unilever is a multinational corporation that sells consumer goods in many countries. The company was founded in year 1929 and since then it has been consistently developing its area of operation in various countries. The company headquarters in Rotterdam. The main products of sale include fast moving consumer goods, body care products and cleaning agents. Unilever has been graded as the worlds third largest company as per the revenue statics in year 2012.0 At present the company has it presence over 190 countries and has become a successful business over years. In year 2013 it was estimated that the company employees 174,000 employees in different countries. The use of information and strategic management system has helped the company to control its area of operation in different countries. ii. About strategic management Strategic management is actually a process that helps in formulating and deploying policies and procedures that could help the company achieve its various organization goals and objectives. It helps in keeping alignment with the corporate objectives and goals with the company management so that a definite outcome is achieved which could help the sustenance of business in the long run. iii. Need for strategic planning by Unilever: Strategic planning for the Unilever includes the following of various steps and processes so that a definite set of policies, procedures and objectives that are framed out such that the organization could consistently attain growth and development for the coming years. The need for strategic planning to Unilever includes the followings. To achieve consistent growth and development in business. To increase area of operation in new countries. To meet the changing demand of customers in different places. To develop positive work culture in the organization. To set goals and objectives for the organization. To help employees attain high end goals and targets for the company. To meet the changing environment requirements. To review the past policies and procedures and bring changes to achieve high gains for the organization. iv. Methods of strategic planning used by Unilever: There are various methods of strategic planning which includes the followings. 1. Vision and Mission statement of Unilever: The strategic planning used in by Unilever includes the setting of vision for future and setting goals for them accordingly. This way a proper vision of future goal is made as target for making strategic planning for the organization. This vision and mission statement includes the identification of various goals and issues to the organization along with the available resources so that the desired outcome is reached through vision based strategic planning process. The steps followed in this process include the followings. Setting up organizations mission statement. Establishing a vision statement. Identifying and selecting goals for the organization which could help achieve the desired outcomes. Recognizing the strategy that best suits the requirements. Preparing action plan to apply the best suitable strategy. Creating vision and mission statement. Applying the mission statement in the organization. Unilever vision is based on strategic planning method to identify targets and goals that the organization working in 190 countries need to follow through the managerial actions. This way the managers guide towards the following of a particular set of regulations in their respective organization so that the definite code of conduct is observed in an organization(Lynne et al., 2007). 2. Objectives of Unilever: The objectives of Unilever include the identification of issues that are affecting the organization in the development process. This way a strategic management policy is framed and reviewed at regular intervals by high level officials of Unilever so that the identified issue can be resolved and the desired outcome is achieved. This way the main effort is to solve the problem and resolve the issue through the application strategic planning process in action. The objectives of Unilever include the followings. Recognizing the major issue that is affecting the organization. Getting expert advice to resolve the issue. Getting suggestions for the solution of the issue. Compiling a strategic plan to deal with that particular issue. Applying the strategic plan for required term. Reviewing the strategic plan application and making changes as per requirements. 3. Strategy of Unilever: The strategy of Unilever is to bring one direction or alignment so that the resources deployed can be used more effectively. Also the policy and procedural changes that are brought over time can be applied fairly on all the business departments(Ghemawat, 2003). The strategy for Unilever includes the followings. Analyzing the present state of different departments of the business. Reviewing the business operations and comparing it with the vision, mission, programs and guidelines that are actually required to be followed. Evaluating the pros and cons of the business operation in different departments. Identifying adjustments that can help. Applying them accordingly in different departments. Making strategic plans to when and where to execute the adjustments. Review of the adjustments and making changes accordingly. 4. Tactics of Unilever: Unilever is a multinational organization which has its business in different countries around the world. Therefore it becomes necessary on the part of the organization to use various business tactics at different intervals. Due to these reason specific business procedures, policies, targets, values etc are framed and re-framed from time to time to deal with the various business problems. The main tactics used by the company includes the followings. Relevancy of recognition of issue in strategic planning process. Acceptability of the outcome through strategic plans. Cost effective application for dealing with issues. Use of required data in the planning process. Outcome in the form of application should achieve sustainability. Communicating the right meaning, policy and procedures to the employees. Criticism: Critics are of the view that strategic planning concept cannot help in achieving organization goals and objectives as they do not particular adds skills to the employees but guide them towards a definite direction(Bartram Casimir, 2007). Strategic planning is done by the high level management. Therefore they may lack the knowledge about the ground issues and problems that is resisting the development process in the organization(Gadot, 2007). Strategic planning based on the earlier data, facts and figures. However these figures can be incorrect due to many reasons. This way the outcome in the form of policy or procedure may not meet the requirements(Gill, 2002). Finally strategic planning brings in reviewed policies, targets and objectives which add to the problems of the employees who may start leaving jobs. This way it may become the cause of employee turnover in an organization(Ghemawat, 2003). 2. Analyzing using appropriate tools. There are a number of tools and techniques for the strategic planning of a corporations information system which are discussed as below. PESTLE analysis: PESTLE analysis initials stands for Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Legal and Environmental factors affecting the organization. This way an external environment analysis can be done which can help the organization to know more clearly about the industry trend and other factors affecting the other companies as well. The PESTLE analysis for Unilever in United Kingdom is displayed as follows. Political The political environment of Unilever in United Kingdom is very much favorable as it supports the development of business models that has the capacity to earn from international fronts as well. Economic The economic slowdown has affected the economy in the United Kingdom, however the products sold by Unilever are mostly necessity good items whose sales is hardly effected. Social The customers in United Kingdom are rationale and they prefer Unilever products it qualifies all the requirements related to quality. Along with that Equal employment opportunity is offered to the people in United Kingdom and other countries. Technological Unilever follows complete automation for the production purpose. Therefore the company has appropriately upgraded its technological requirements over time to serve customers better. Legal Unilever follows all legal guidelines that are established with a view to generate quality outcome and conserve customer rights. Environmental Unilever has followed all guidelines as per International conservation laws and acts to preserve the natural environment not just in the United Kingdom but in all other countries where it operates. SWOT analysis: SWOT analysis means analysis of internal strength and weakness of the organization along with analysis of the external opportunity and threats. This method helps in accessing the present state of business in terms of internal and external environment. Efforts are made to realize the present strength and weakness of the business. Also the identification of the possible opportunities and threats to the business is identified. This way the strategic planning process will get the best, exact and most desired information so that the most feasible policy and plan can be formulated (Northouse, 2004). Strength 1. Unilever has years of experience in business which has lead to earn various economics of scale. 2. The company has well qualified staff that adheres with the company guidelines. 3. Unilever has a well established brand name in the market. 4. The company has achieved specialization in the business process. Weakness 1. The rising incomes of the employees have directly affected the cost of production. 2. Unilever has a huge management in 190 countries which may require attention at times but the same cannot be achieved as it is tough to be handled in one day. 3. The economic slowdown has affected sales of its various products and services. Opportunities 1. Direct invitations are received by Unilever from various economies to start their operation in their country. 2. The well established brand name of Unilever has helped the company in developing in various other businesses. Threats 1. The rising number of multinational producing similar products has been affecting companys sales. 2. The rationale customer which looks in quality also checks for prices which at times does not convince them for purchase of Unilever products and services. Force field analysis It is a method that helps in recognizing the restraining forces on one side that hold the business backwards and the driving forces on other side which support the development and progress of the business. This way the strategic planning is supported by the recognition of various factors affecting business in the form of two distinct heading called restraining forces and driving forces. Efforts are made to deal and minimize the effect of restraining forces and develop and support the driving forces so that the business can achieve a high end gains and consistency in development. The best used method for strategic planning for Unilever includes the force field analysis. Unilever is operating business in 190 countries. This way there exist a number of factors that may support or restrain business from growth. This method can help the company in supporting the driving forces and controlling factors that acts as restraining force. Therefore the goal achievement and target setting can both be improved through the application of the force field analysis in the strategic planning process. The factors that may affect as driving or restraining factor may include the price change, political factors, social factors, economic factor etc(Young et al., 2004). The force field analysis for Unilever can be done as below. Restraining forces 1. Increase in number of multinationals. 2. Homogenous products are produced by competitors. 3. Economic slowdown affecting the sales of various goods. 4. New brand names and products are capturing markets. 5. Changing customer taste and preference affecting the company business. 6. Increasing expenditures on advertisement adding to cost of production. Driving forces 1. The brand name of the company facilitates it to showcase new products and services in the market. 2. The customer preferring quality products and services prefer to buy Unilever products. 3. Highly experience staff helps in meeting the corporate targets easily. 4. The customer loyalty towards company products help it to continue to grow and prosper. 5. Highly mechanized production system helps the company to stay away from the various HRM issues and problems. 3. Recommending a strategic model for organization and choosing one. A number of strategic models that can be applied to the organization includes the followings. PESTLE analysis: Porters five force analysis: SWOT analysis: Growth share matrix. Balanced scorecards and strategy maps. Recommended model : The best strategic model for the Unilever organization will be the Porters five force analysis. Porters five force analysis actually helps in recognizing the various external factors that affects industry attractiveness such as follows. Industry rivalry. Bargaining power of supplier. Bargaining power of buyer. Threat of substitutes. New market entrants. This can be explained in context to Unilever is discussed as follows. 1. Industry rivalry: Unilever has its area of operation in 190 countries. These countries have various other multinationals and domestic companies operating in them. This way an industry rivalry exists at different locations in the world market where Unilever has its presence. The various other global brands such as Procter and Gamble, Colgate-Palmolive, Reckitt and Coleman etc creates industry rivalry in different locations by presenting homogenous products in the markets at competitive prices. Thus starts a price war and various other marketing techniques to deal with the industry rivalry(Oribabor, 2009). 2. Bargaining power of supplier: The bargaining power of the supplier to the Unilever is very limited. This is because of the reason that the company has its presence in various countries. This way the company has a variety of options to select from the suppliers available at different locations. Thus the company selects the most appropriate supplier who fulfills the terms and conditions of business and brings in cost effectiveness. 3. Bargaining power of buyer: In the present day world, the bargaining power of buyer is high in different countries. Actually the consumers in the present day world are rationale and thus make wise decisions for purchase. This way the customer of today is rightly referred as a king as he or she has the power to select from the variety of products and services available in the market. The bargaining power of the buyer therefore helps to keep the prices and quality of products and services of various multinational under control(council, 2006). 4. Threat of substitutes. Unilever actually produces homogenous consumer products. This way there always exist threat of substitutes in different world markets. A number of similar products and services are available in the world market that can easily replace the products and services manufactured and sold by Unilever. With the development of various multinationals corporations in different countries the threat of substitute has actually risen in the recent years. 5. New market entrants. With the open door policy prevalent in the world markets, the new market entrants are free to come and go. The result is that various homogenous products are easily available in the market that could compete the quality, quantity and availability of the Unilever products. Although the company has maintained its quality from years but the losing of control over the prices has resulted in the increasing opportunity for the new market entrants to try their luck. However the company has been able to achieve the target goals in the last decades and expects the required level of development and sustenance in the coming years. The Porters five force analysis can be displayed as follows. 4. Identify decision level and establishing the information requirements. 1. Strategic Level : The information requirement for the Unilever will be needed for the purpose of achieving effectiveness in inbound logistics operations. This way the company can keep a good track and control over the requirements, receipt and storage of the material. Also the information system could help Unilever in improving the outbound logistics process as well by helping in collecting, controlling and reviewing the outbound logistics system. This includes the review of the physical distribution channels so that the orders can be quickly delivered and time wastage can be avoided. The use of DSS or Decision Support System can help in integration of various logistics activities so that the most cost effective and strategically beneficial decisions are taken with the help of information system. This way the unnecessary delays can be avoided and the containers can be transferred after complete filling up. 2. Tactical Level: Information system can help Unilever in easing the procurement process as it will help the related department to send direct quotations to the suppliers and select the best deal out of them. This way an alignment in the purchase of raw material can be achieved. The information system that can be used to deal with the tactical level strategic management requirements includes the application of the ERP system ERP or Employee Resource Planning system can help in evaluating the requirements of the human resource in the organization This way the number of new recruits and kind of academic knowledge they should possess can all be identified by using ERP system. 3. Knowledge Level: Information system can help Unilever in supporting HRM or Human Resource Management in different countries. This way the recruitment, training and development of the human resource can be achieved in 190 countries by the related authorities of Unilever. The system that can help supporting HRM activities includes MIS or Management information system. This system helps in gathering and analyzing the management related information such as number of employees in the company, requirement of training, number of employees looking for promotion, rising absenteeism rate etc. This way the information system helps in easy access and analysis of the information that could help support the various human resource management related activities. 4. Operation Level : The information system could also help Unilever in the normal operations in different countries. This way the manufacturing capacities can be increased through the improvement information management system which helps decrease consumption time and wastage(Ghemawat, 2005). Along with that the Information system developed can help Unilever in achieving healthy customer relations by fulfilling their respective needs and responding them on time. This way the customer will get loyal to the company and continue to prefer purchase of its products and services. Also the Information system can help Unilever in supporting various business activities from customer end by offering after sales service to employee support by adding email id and contacts direct linked with the high officials. This way various business activities can be supported through information system which could enhance business capabilities. CRM or customer relationship management can help the company in achieving high level of satisfaction. Also the customer expectations can be identified and met through the placement of new products or addition to present products. This way CRM system helps managing the customer relations in a better way. This way the below stated various benefits of information system evaluated for Unilever. It helps in achieving economics of scale to the business. It helps in quick and easy movement of information. It helps in maximum capacity utilization of the available resource by the organization. It helps in bringing linkage in the value chain. It helps in building inter-relationships in different departments which helps in reducing costs and achieving higher objectives easily. It helps in integrating various business activities. It helps in saving time. It helps in evaluation process. Decline in idle time is achieved. Low risk factors affecting business operation. (Caniels Gelderman, 2007) 5. Societal issues raised by Information Management The various societal issues that are raised by information management system include the followings. 1. Challenge to privacy: Information management system has seriously affected the privacy issues related to personal contact information and contacts. This way in the present age of information and technology the privacy is at stake. Critics are of the view that some compromise of privacy loss is fair enough to get the best and most desired outcome. In the present day world, the loss of privacy due to social networking sites has resulted in various benefits. Also there is availability of control over privacy contents which could deal with this issue. 2. Issues related to trade secrets: Issues related to trade secrets rises when the companys has to display the business related information as per the government direction and corporate governance policy. This way various trade secrets like buyers and sellers information gets displayed to the competitors. In the present day world it has become really important to disclose information to the public and government agencies so that the security of the country and their countrymen can be assured. Therefore compromising some level of trade secrets to the public is just nothing before the safety of the country whose money can used against them by the evil forces. 3. Increasing dependence on machines. With the more utilization of machines the dependence on machines has risen manifolds. This has resulted in affecting the learning process of human beings which used to make calculations and decision depending on their personal abilities to analyze and calculate situations. Critics are of the view that increasing dependencies has helped in easing the learning process and thus the present day people including children are much more capable of learning than a decade old children. 4. Job loss: Information technology has resulted in job loss of many people due to increasing automation in the business operation. This way a number of people have to lose job because the machines were there to handle their work. Therefore job loss is the most adversely affecting outcome of information technology. Information technology has resulted in increasing job opportunities also. In the present day world, it has helped in generating those job opportunities which did not even existed a decade back(Bartram Casimir, 2007). 5. Health risks: Various health risks such as eye strains, repetitive strain on bones and other body parts are among the various health issues that have developed with the use of information technology. This way the rise in health has risen due to various increasing usage of information technology. A controlled and right use of technology can help in avoiding health related risks. Therefore its not the information technology itself but the carelessness of the users which creates problem. Conclusion: In the end, the Strategic management planning and information system has helped Unilever, other businesses and people along the globe to achieve improvement in the regular business process. 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International Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Administration, pp.5(3), 1 - 14. Strategic Human Resource Management Of Woolworths - Free Sample Question: Discuss about the Strategic Human Resource Management of Woolworths. Answer: Introduction Woolworths is selected in this study which is one of the best retail companies. The company offers quality products at reasonable prices. The content of the report comprises of Description of Human Resource management, recruitment and selection, retention and development and performance Management. Defining Human Resource Management Company Description Woolworth is the major company in Australia with extensive interest in retail industry throughout New Zealand and Australia as well (Woolworths 2016). By revenue, Woolworth is the second biggest company in Australia. Woolworth was established in 1924 by Percy Christmas, Cecil Scott Waine, Stanley Chatterton, Ernest Williams and George Creed. Woolworth is headquartered in Bella Vista, New South Sales, Australia. HR Department Being one of the most renowned and famous retail organizations, Woolworth has a dedicated Human Resource department, which focuses on the effective employee management for the organization (Armstrong and Taylor 2014). Woolworth has successfully designed their Human Resource Department with the help of few important as well as significant approaches of Human Resources (De Waal 2013). Developing and Recruiting Talent, matching staffing with the business requirements, retraining and training as well as downsizing are the crucial approaches those have been adopted by Woolworths Limited. Strategic Human Resource Management If the proposed model of Strategic Human Resource Management by Nankervis et al (2014) is considered, therefore, it can be seen that there are few roles those are not undertaken by the Human Resource team of Woolworth Limited. The cyclical and long-term process of Strategic Human Resource with enough flexibility for permitting the directional changes in Human Resource is not undertaken by Woolworth Limited (Derous and De Fruyt 2016). Instead of this particular role of Strategic Human Resource Management, Woolworth outsources few functions of Human Resource. This organization follows the Business process HR outsourcing, with the help of which an external supplier can manage the discrete activities of Human Resource such as the recruitment or payroll administration. HR Functions There are three major levels at which the line managers as well as the practitioners separately or together operate such as the functional, operational as well as strategic levels (Hendry 2012). The practitioners together with the line managers develop the action plans for meeting the present needs of labour. At the strategic level, the practitioners are involved in the human resource and corporate planning. The line managers carry out primarily several activities at the functional level that ensure employees are at the right time, for the right cost and in the right place. In case of Woolworth Limited, this retail organization operates their Human Resource functions at the strategic and the functional level. This is simply because, the practitioners are involved in the Human Resource planning and corporate planning at the strategic level. On the other hand, at the functional level, the line managers carry out primarily several activities at the functional level that ensure employees are at the right time, for the right cost and in the right place. Recruitment and Selection It is a very simple fact of Human Resource Management system of an organization that the employee quality actually depends on the effective strategy of selecting as well as recruiting employees (Derous and De Fruyt 2016). However, this particular strategy of selecting and recruiting employees cannot be always smooth sailing. Employers of the organizations worldwide can face few tangible issues like the advertising costs of the job openings as well as intangible obstructions such as the improving interaction between the hiring managers as well as recruiters. According to Derous and De Fruyt (2016), the Recruitment and Selection comprise one of the oldest areas of applied as well as is still one of the most essential and significant domains of human resources and talent management, appealing to a huge number of HR practitioners and researchers as well. Derous and De Fruyt (2016), have stated that the area of recruitment and selection is rapidly evolving, pushed forward by technological developments, societal pressures and strategic issues with the change in time. The strategic role of the recruitment and selection in the enterprises has triggered the new developments host as well as has expanded the conventional conceptualizations of the practices of recruitment and selection with the insights from other disciplines such as marketing and economics, communication, information and computer technology. Derous and De Fruyt (2016)have identified one of the most significant and the greatest changes in the Recruitment and Selection practices, which can be considered to be linked with technology. The technological advancements indeed reshape the practices of recruitment and selection by means of the tools of multimedia. Therefore, Derous and De Fruyt (2016) have also recognized the technological, societal as well as strategic challenges associated with the Recruitment and Selection Practices. Derous and De Fruyt (2016) have stated that bringing new employees or recruiting new employees can be sometimes costly for an organization. The small enterprises mainly face such challenges. Therefore, they might look at the alternative instead of hiring new employees such as the giving additional responsibilities and outsourcing to the current employees or hiring temporary employees. As per the viewpoint of Derous and De Fruyt (2016), a manager who is hiring a candidate at the time of the recruitment and selection process should focus on the single quality or talent that he expects from the candidates. This can limit his focus while looking over the resumes and applications. If an employee lacked a positive attitude towards the job then sometimes the hiring managers focuses on the other candidates. Positive attitude is necessary for a service job and the best candidate must be competent, patient and can able to communicate well. Besides that, Hendry (2012) have stated that an organization must conduct job analysis from time to time for creating a complete, accurate description of the functions and role of a specific designation. The job roles of a company must be updated formally. Without an effective analysis of a designation, job posting might not reflect the essential skills and traits required and the selection tools of the organization might not accurately a ccess candidates. Purce (2014) have given a key message that the Recruitment and Selection area is evolving rapidly, assessing and attracting talented workers, affecting a wide range of topics in searching that warrants close examination as well as monitoring. Therefore, the ENESER network focuses on studying, discussing and addressing such developments among practitioners and scholars. Retention and Development Retention Levers Woolworth Limited is one of the most renowned as well as famous retail organizations in Australia and all over the world as well. There are several reasons for which, people intend to stay in their jobs in Woolworth (Manning, Watkins and Degnarain 2012). These reasons are simply known as the retention levers. Woolworth mainly focuses on the 6 major practices that the companies can implement with the technology support for retaining their top talent. The reasons or the retention levers or the retention practices are as follows: Woolworth tries to recruit the right people in the first place. On the other hand, Woolworth tries to improve as well as assess the ability of the line managers for managing their employees Woolworth provides the constant feedback of the employees regarding meaning and clear objectives. Apart from that, Woolworth always tries for empowering their employees so that the employees can be able to manage their own career and enhance their career growth (Mathis et al. 2016). Besides that, Woolworth always gives first preference to the talent of the employees. This retail organization always drives proactively the talent mobility among the employees of Woolworth so that the productivity can be enhanced by enhancing the motivational level of the employees. On the other hand, being a famous retail organization Woolworth always focuses on the continuous improvement in their business strategies in several areas (Newton, Becker and Bell 2014). Therefore, this organization go through the continuous process of improving as well as measuring the retention strategies so that they can easily make their employees to work with Woolworth for a long time span. Performance Management Brief Company Overview Woolworth is the major company in Australia with extensive interest in retail industry throughout New Zealand and Australia as well (Woolworths 2016). By revenue, Woolworth is the second biggest company in Australia. Woolworth was established in 1924 by Percy Christmas, Cecil Scott Waine, Stanley Chatterton, Ernest Williams and George Creed. Woolworth is headquartered in Bella Vista, New South Sales, Australia. Job Description Woolworth Limited hires for the technical analyst profile for maintaining their stock market. Technical Analyst observes all the patterns of the stock market and they make prediction about different future performance. Woolworths promote their existing employees to the designation of Technical Analyst by performance Appraisal method. Most Suitable Performance Review Method There are several methods of performance review methods those are being used by the Human Resource departments of numerous organizations all over the world. These performance review methods are the self-evaluation, 360 evaluation, graphic scale, checklists and the critical incidents (Purce 2014). Among all of the performance review methods, self evaluation can be considered as the most suitable performance review method for Woolworths Human Resource Management System. The self evaluation performance review can be useful for two reasons. these are as follows: The employees of Woolworth have to take time in terms of evaluating themselves as well as managers get to see how the workers of the company can understand their own performance On the other hand, the perception of an employee regarding their job skills can help the managers for calibrating their own responses as well as language and also can serve as a significant beginning point to provide feedback (Shields et al. 2015). It provides a manager a more complete landscape than the pure observation alone can give. Pros and Cons of the Chosen Performance Review Method Pros of Self Evaluation Performance Review Method Cons of Self Evaluation Performance Review Method If the self-evaluation method is implemented tactfully and properly help for conveying the message that the performance management process is a team work. It greases the process wheels by making it more effective It is essential for reminding the managers that the often the employees have a stronger performance perception that he or she exuded actually throughout the year. It encourages the employees of Woolworth limited for self evaluating throughput the year. If the employees of Woolworth fail for submitting their self evaluations within a given timeline, therefore, processes of following on can be impacted negatively (Purce 2014). Self evaluation method puts an ownership on the worker for documenting as well as recalling the work performed by the employee and highlighting key accomplishments If the self evaluation of an employee is not a proper reflection of performance then the manager of that employee requires to be prepared for giving a clear reasoning for the distinctions in ratings. Conclusion After the entire discussion made in this study, it can easily be stated that Woolworth has a dedicated Human Resource Department and along with that this organization follows the strategic and functional levels of HR functions. On the other hand, this organization also maintains all the retention levers and this organization have also implemented the most suitable performance review method that is the self evaluation performance review method. Reference List Armstrong, M. and Taylor, S., 2014.Armstrong's handbook of human resource management practice. Kogan Page Publishers. De Waal, A., 2013.Strategic Performance Management: A managerial and behavioral approach. Palgrave Macmillan. Derous, E. and De Fruyt, F., 2016. Developments in Recruitment and Selection Research.International Journal of Selection and Assessment,24(1), pp.1-3. Hendry, C., 2012.Human resource management. Routledge. Manning, N., Watkins, J. and Degnarain, N., 2012. 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